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sar 명령어(sysstat 패키지)
sar(System Activity Reporter)은 리눅스 시스템 성능 모니터링 도구 중 하나로, 시스템 활동에 대한 다양한 통계 및 성능 데이터를 수집하고 보고하는 데 사용됩니다. sar은 sysstat 패키지의 일부로 제공되며 시스템 성능 문제를 진단하고 해결하는 데 유용합니다.
sysstat 패키지 설치
sysstat 패키지를 설치하면 sar 명령어를 사용할 수 있습니다.
- Debian/Ubuntu
sudo apt-get install -y sysstat- CentOS/RHEL
sudo yum install -y sysstatsar 설정 확인
cat /etc/default/sysstat#
# Default settings for /etc/init.d/sysstat, /etc/cron.d/sysstat
# and /etc/cron.daily/sysstat files
#
# Should sadc collect system activity informations? Valid values
# are "true" and "false". Please do not put other values, they
# will be overwritten by debconf!
ENABLED="false"sar 서비스 시작 및 활성화
sudo systemctl restart sysstatsar 서비스 상태 확인
$ sudo systemctl status sysstat
● sysstat.service - Resets System Activity Logs
Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/sysstat.service; disabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: active (exited) since Wed 2023-10-18 15:52:49 KST; 5s ago
Docs: man:sa1(8)
man:sadc(8)
man:sar(1)
Process: 3220 ExecStart=/usr/lib/sysstat/sa1 --boot (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Main PID: 3220 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
CPU: 8ms
Oct 18 15:52:49 aptmirror systemd[1]: Starting Resets System Activity Logs...
Oct 18 15:52:49 aptmirror systemd[1]: Finished Resets System Activity Logs.sar 기본 구문
sar [옵션] [시간 간격] [반복 횟수]sar 사용법
더보기
---
$ sar --help
Usage: sar [ options ] [ <interval> [ <count> ] ]
Main options and reports (report name between square brackets):
-B Paging statistics [A_PAGE]
-b I/O and transfer rate statistics [A_IO]
-d Block devices statistics [A_DISK]
-F [ MOUNT ]
Filesystems statistics [A_FS]
-H Hugepages utilization statistics [A_HUGE]
-I { <int_list> | SUM | ALL }
Interrupts statistics [A_IRQ]
-m { <keyword> [,...] | ALL }
Power management statistics [A_PWR_...]
Keywords are:
CPU CPU instantaneous clock frequency
FAN Fans speed
FREQ CPU average clock frequency
IN Voltage inputs
TEMP Devices temperature
USB USB devices plugged into the system
-n { <keyword> [,...] | ALL }
Network statistics [A_NET_...]
Keywords are:
DEV Network interfaces
EDEV Network interfaces (errors)
NFS NFS client
NFSD NFS server
SOCK Sockets (v4)
IP IP traffic (v4)
EIP IP traffic (v4) (errors)
ICMP ICMP traffic (v4)
EICMP ICMP traffic (v4) (errors)
TCP TCP traffic (v4)
ETCP TCP traffic (v4) (errors)
UDP UDP traffic (v4)
SOCK6 Sockets (v6)
IP6 IP traffic (v6)
EIP6 IP traffic (v6) (errors)
ICMP6 ICMP traffic (v6)
EICMP6 ICMP traffic (v6) (errors)
UDP6 UDP traffic (v6)
FC Fibre channel HBAs
SOFT Software-based network processing
-q [ <keyword> [,...] | PSI | ALL ]
System load and pressure-stall statistics
Keywords are:
LOAD Queue length and load average statistics [A_QUEUE]
CPU Pressure-stall CPU statistics [A_PSI_CPU]
IO Pressure-stall I/O statistics [A_PSI_IO]
MEM Pressure-stall memory statistics [A_PSI_MEM]
-r [ ALL ]
Memory utilization statistics [A_MEMORY]
-S Swap space utilization statistics [A_MEMORY]
-u [ ALL ]
CPU utilization statistics [A_CPU]
-v Kernel tables statistics [A_KTABLES]
-W Swapping statistics [A_SWAP]
-w Task creation and system switching statistics [A_PCSW]
-y TTY devices statistics [A_SERIAL]---
- 주요 옵션
- -u: CPU 사용률 통계 표시
- -r: 메모리 사용 통계 표시
- -q: 로드 평균 및 대기 큐 통계 표시
- -n: 네트워크 통계 표시
- -b: 블록 디바이스 통계 표시
- -d: 디스크 I/O 통계 표시
- -p: 블록 디바이스와 파티션에 대한 상세 정보 표시
- -W: 스왑 공간 통계 표시
- -q: 대기 큐와 로드 평균 통계 표시
- -P: 프로세스 통계 표시
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사용 예시
1. CPU 사용률 확인
sar -u$ sar -u 2 3
Linux 5.15.0-86-generic (aptmirror) 10/18/2023 _x86_64_ (2 CPU)
04:02:08 PM CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
04:02:10 PM all 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
04:02:12 PM all 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
04:02:14 PM all 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.00 99.75
Average: all 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.00 99.912. 메모리 사용 확인
sar -r$ sar -r 2 3
Linux 5.15.0-86-generic (aptmirror) 10/18/2023 _x86_64_ (2 CPU)
04:02:34 PM kbmemfree kbavail kbmemused %memused kbbuffers kbcached kbcommit %commit kbactive kbinact kbdirty
04:02:36 PM 3014444 3506248 217804 5.44 5576 673924 464128 5.78 613420 130592 0
04:02:38 PM 3014444 3506248 217804 5.44 5576 673924 464128 5.78 613420 130592 0
04:02:40 PM 3014444 3506248 217804 5.44 5576 673924 464128 5.78 613420 130592 0
Average: 3014444 3506248 217804 5.44 5576 673924 464128 5.78 613420 130592 03. 로드 평균 및 대기 큐 확인
sar -q$ sar -q 2 3
Linux 5.15.0-86-generic (aptmirror) 10/18/2023 _x86_64_ (2 CPU)
04:02:54 PM runq-sz plist-sz ldavg-1 ldavg-5 ldavg-15 blocked
04:02:56 PM 0 166 0.00 0.38 2.35 0
04:02:58 PM 0 166 0.00 0.37 2.34 0
04:03:00 PM 0 166 0.00 0.37 2.34 0
Average: 0 166 0.00 0.37 2.34 04. 네트워크 통계 확인
sar -n DEV$ sar -n DEV 2 3
Linux 5.15.0-86-generic (aptmirror) 10/18/2023 _x86_64_ (2 CPU)
04:03:48 PM IFACE rxpck/s txpck/s rxkB/s txkB/s rxcmp/s txcmp/s rxmcst/s %ifutil
04:03:50 PM lo 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
04:03:50 PM enp0s3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
04:03:50 PM enp0s8 0.50 0.50 0.03 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
04:03:50 PM IFACE rxpck/s txpck/s rxkB/s txkB/s rxcmp/s txcmp/s rxmcst/s %ifutil
04:03:52 PM lo 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
04:03:52 PM enp0s3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
04:03:52 PM enp0s8 0.50 0.50 0.03 0.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
04:03:52 PM IFACE rxpck/s txpck/s rxkB/s txkB/s rxcmp/s txcmp/s rxmcst/s %ifutil
04:03:54 PM lo 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
04:03:54 PM enp0s3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
04:03:54 PM enp0s8 11.00 21.50 0.64 3.87 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average: IFACE rxpck/s txpck/s rxkB/s txkB/s rxcmp/s txcmp/s rxmcst/s %ifutil
Average: lo 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average: enp0s3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average: enp0s8 4.00 7.50 0.23 1.46 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.005. 블록 디바이스 및 파티션에 대한 상세 정보 확인
sar -p$ sar -p 2 3
Linux 5.15.0-86-generic (aptmirror) 10/18/2023 _x86_64_ (2 CPU)
04:04:29 PM CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
04:04:31 PM all 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
04:04:33 PM all 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
04:04:35 PM all 0.00 0.00 0.51 0.00 0.00 99.49
Average: all 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.00 99.836. 디스크 I/O 통계 확인
sar -d$ sar -d 2 3
Linux 5.15.0-86-generic (aptmirror) 10/18/2023 _x86_64_ (2 CPU)
04:04:47 PM DEV tps rkB/s wkB/s dkB/s areq-sz aqu-sz await %util
04:04:49 PM loop0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
04:04:49 PM loop1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
04:04:49 PM loop2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
04:04:49 PM loop3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
04:04:49 PM loop4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
04:04:49 PM loop5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
04:04:49 PM sr0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
04:04:49 PM sda 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
04:04:49 PM dm-0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
04:04:49 PM DEV tps rkB/s wkB/s dkB/s areq-sz aqu-sz await %util
04:04:51 PM loop0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
04:04:51 PM loop1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
04:04:51 PM loop2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
04:04:51 PM loop3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
04:04:51 PM loop4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
04:04:51 PM loop5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
04:04:51 PM sr0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
04:04:51 PM sda 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
04:04:51 PM dm-0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
04:04:51 PM DEV tps rkB/s wkB/s dkB/s areq-sz aqu-sz await %util
04:04:53 PM loop0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
04:04:53 PM loop1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
04:04:53 PM loop2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
04:04:53 PM loop3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
04:04:53 PM loop4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
04:04:53 PM loop5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
04:04:53 PM sr0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
04:04:53 PM sda 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
04:04:53 PM dm-0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average: DEV tps rkB/s wkB/s dkB/s areq-sz aqu-sz await %util
Average: loop0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average: loop1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average: loop2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average: loop3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average: loop4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average: loop5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average: sr0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average: sda 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average: dm-0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.007. 스왑 공간 사용 확인
sar -W$ sar -W 2 3
Linux 5.15.0-86-generic (aptmirror) 10/18/2023 _x86_64_ (2 CPU)
04:05:11 PM pswpin/s pswpout/s
04:05:13 PM 0.00 0.00
04:05:15 PM 0.00 0.00
04:05:17 PM 0.00 0.00
Average: 0.00 0.008. 프로세스 통계 확인
sar -P ALL$ sar -P ALL 2 3
Linux 5.15.0-86-generic (aptmirror) 10/18/2023 _x86_64_ (2 CPU)
04:05:56 PM CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
04:05:58 PM all 0.00 0.00 0.76 0.00 0.00 99.24
04:05:58 PM 0 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 99.00
04:05:58 PM 1 0.00 0.00 0.52 0.00 0.00 99.48
04:05:58 PM CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
04:06:00 PM all 0.00 0.00 0.26 0.00 0.00 99.74
04:06:00 PM 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
04:06:00 PM 1 0.00 0.00 0.52 0.00 0.00 99.48
04:06:00 PM CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
04:06:02 PM all 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
04:06:02 PM 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
04:06:02 PM 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
Average: CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
Average: all 0.00 0.00 0.34 0.00 0.00 99.66
Average: 0 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.00 99.67
Average: 1 0.00 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.00 99.65sar 작업 스케줄 파일 편집
vim /etc/cron.d/sysstat# The first element of the path is a directory where the debian-sa1
# script is located
PATH=/usr/lib/sysstat:/usr/sbin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
# Activity reports every 10 minutes everyday
5-55/10 * * * * root command -v debian-sa1 > /dev/null && debian-sa1 1 1
# Additional run at 23:59 to rotate the statistics file
59 23 * * * root command -v debian-sa1 > /dev/null && debian-sa1 60 2sar 데이터 파일 확인
$ file /var/log/sysstat/sa18
/var/log/sysstat/sa18: OpenPGP Secret Key Version 5cron 작업 추가
sar을 1분마다 실행하고 데이터를 수집하기
crontab -e* * * * * /usr/lib/sysstat/sa1 1 1sar 명령어로 데이터 확인
sar -f /var/log/sysstat/sa18$ sar -f /var/log/sysstat/sa18
Linux 5.15.0-86-generic (aptmirror) 10/18/2023 _x86_64_ (2 CPU)
03:52:49 PM LINUX RESTART (2 CPU)
04:24:01 PM CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
04:25:01 PM all 0.02 0.00 0.15 0.01 0.00 99.82
04:26:01 PM all 0.03 0.00 0.14 0.03 0.00 99.80
Average: all 0.02 0.00 0.15 0.02 0.00 99.81
sar 명령어는 시스템의 성능과 사용량에 대한 풍부한 정보를 제공하므로 시스템 모니터링 및 문제 해결에 유용합니다. 원하는 시간 간격과 반복 횟수를 지정하여 명령을 실행하고 결과를 분석하여 시스템의 동작을 평가할 수 있습니다.
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